Peri-urban versus urban honeys showed significant differences in P, K and Mn. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also found between blend and urban honey samples for K, Cu, P, Mn, Sr, Ni, B and Na. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between urban and rural honey samples for B, Na, P, Mn, K, Ca and Cu. Considerable variations of essential trace elements (Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn) and mineral levels (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) were found in honeys surveyed. Elemental analyses of honey were performed using ICP-MS and ICP-OES after microwave and hot block digestion. The honey samples were classified into four groups according to their regional sources: urban, rural, peri-urban and blend honey. Honey samples (n = 212) were acquired from markets, shops and supermarkets in Queensland while urban honeys were purchased online.
This study aimed to determine the levels of 26 minerals and trace elements and assess elemental differences between honeys from various regional Queensland and Australian sources. Honey hives are traditionally placed in rural and forested areas, but increasingly the trend is to keep hives in more urban areas. In higher density urban and industrial environments, heavy metals can be common, while minerals and trace elements can have ubiquitous presence in both agricultural and urban areas. Honeybees are regarded as environmental monitors, but few reports examine the impact of environment on Australian honey trace elements and minerals. Certain honeys are retailed as premium, trendy products. Naturally produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from floral nectar, honey is increasingly sold as a health food product due to its nutritious features. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction.1 1.1 General.1 1.2 Soils.1 1.3 Applications.3 1.4 Soil Testing.3 1.5 Geotechnical Literature.4 1.6 Numerical Modeling.6 Review Exercises.8 Chapter 2 Phase Relations.11 2.1 Introduction.11 2.2 Definitions.11 2.3 Phase Relations.13 Worked Examples.16 Review Exercises.22 Chapter 3 Soil Classification.27 3.1 Introduction.27 3.2 Coarse-Grained Soils.27 3.3 Fine-Grained Soils.32 3.4 Soil Classification.37 Worked Examples.41 Review Exercises.44 Chapter 4 Compaction.49 4.1 Introduction.49 4.2 Variables in Compaction.50 4.3 Laboratory Tests.52 4.4 Field Compaction, Specification, and Control.55 Worked Examples.59 Review Exercises.62Ĭhapter 5 Effective Stress, Total Stress, and Pore Water Pressure.65 5.1 Introduction.65 5.2 Effective Stress Principle.65 5.3 Vertical Normal Stresses Due to Overburden.66 5.4 Capillary Effects in Soils.68 Worked Examples.70 Review Exercises.71 Chapter 6 Permeability and Seepage.73 6.1 Introduction.73 6.2 Bernoulli’s Equation.73 6.3 Darcy’s Law.76 6.4 Laboratory and Field Permeability Tests.77 6.5 Stresses in Soils Due to Flow.81 6.6 Seepage.82 6.7 Design of Granular Filters.86 6.8 Equivalent Permeabilities for One-dimensional Flow.87 6.9 Seepage Analysis Using SEEP/W.89 Worked Examples.94 Review Exercises.Honey is an extensively utilized sweetener containing sugars and water, together with small quantities of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids and proteins. Ross Publishing All Rights Reservedĭisclaimer: This eBook does not include ancillary media that was packaged with the printed version of the book.Ĭontents Preface.ix About the Authors.xi WAVTM. Specific permission must be obtained from J. The copyright owner’s consent does not extend to copying for general distribution for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Neither this publication nor any part thereof may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Reasonable effort has been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Reprinted material is used with permission, and sources are indicated. This publication contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Includes bibliographical references and index. Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sivakugan, Nagaratnam, 1956Geotechnical engineering : a practical problem solving approach / by Nagaratnam Sivakugan and Braja M. GeotechnIcal engineering A Practical Problem Solving ApproachĬopyright © 2010 by J.
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